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Veliko Tarnovo

Veliko Tarnovo is major administrative and cultural centre in Northern Bulgaria, besides, it is one of the oldest and most picturesque historical settlements in our country. It is situated on hills formed along the meandering river Yantra. Veliko Tarnovo is also located on important road and railway junctions, connecting Sofia and Varna, and Rousse and Stara Zagora. The town is the country's second most important university city after Sofia, and the centre of a developing industrial and agricultural region. Situated before one of the strategic passes of the Balkan Range, leading from the Danube to Constantinople, Tarnovgrad – an impregnable fortress for its time – was the third Bulgarian capital from 1186 to 1393. The history of Tarnovgrad is, in fact, the history to the second Bulgarian Kingdom. The city witnesses the ups and downs of Bulgaria's past, its rise and fall, and the victorious clash with the Holy Roman Empire of the 4th Crusade in 1205. But the real history of the town began in 1185, when, in the church of St. Dimiter the local boyars Asen i Peter proclaimed a rebellion against the Byzantine domination, which had interrupted the life of the Bulgarian state for 167 years. Peter ascended the throne, and Tarnovo became the capital of the state which is known to this day as the Tarnovo Kingdom. The town also continued the tradition, created as early as the 9th - 10th centuries, of making the Bulgarian capital the cultural and literary centre of the Orthodox Slavdom.Tarnovo was also the centre of the first antifeudal peasant uprising in Europe, which lasted from 1277 to 1280. On July 17, 1393, Tarnovo was captured by the Ottoman invaders, who managed to breach in through the Frankhissar Gate. On June 25, 1877 the town was liberated by the troops of the Russian general Gurko. In 1966 the development of Veliko Tarnovo as historic, cultural and tourist city began with a wide – ranging programme for study, conservation, restoration and reconstruction of the cultural and historical monuments. Today Veliko Tarnovo is economically well – developed : there is a cotton mill, a factory for radio and TV sets, a furniture plant, a leather factory, a cannery, a brewery, a vegetable oil refinery and others. The city's modern development is closely connected with its past history. Despite the many museums here, Veliko Tarnovo is not a museum – town, but a living thriving city. Its museums and historical monuments are tied up with its present day planning. Most of the cultural, historical and architectural sights are grouped in three neighbouring city zones in almost chronological order. The oldest part – the historical fortified hills of Tsarevets and Trapezitsa – is the first cultural – historical and museum zone, along with the mediaeval churches and monasteries situated between them. Approaching Tsarevets along the stone causeway that was built after the original drawbridge collapser, you can appreciate how the Assen brothers were bold enough to lead a rebellion against the impregnable citadel. The hills was well fortified with walls and towers. The fortress had three gates. The mediaeval town was divided into three parts : the Inner town(Tsarevets and Trapesitsa Hills), the Outer town (Assenova Mahala and Frankhissar) and the outside ramparts at the foot of Momina Krepost Hill. The foundation of the Royal Palace have been discovered and they reveal the grandeur of the town during the Second Kingdom, when it was also called the Great City of Tarnov, the Most Royal City, the Second Rome. The Bulgarian Patriarchate was located on the top of the hill, occupying an area of 3000sq m, and protected by walls and towers. In 1453the Turks erected a mosque on this site, but it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1913. Rapidly becoming regional power, the Second Kingdom helped Byzantium overthrow the first Latin Emperor of the East, Baldwin of Flanders, who ended his days as a prisoner in the southeastern tower in 1205, there after known as Baldwin's Tower, restored in 1913. To the west of Tsarevets, on both banks of the river Yantra, lies the Assenova quarter. There was a wooded bridge connecting its two parts and the hills, which was built opposite Velikata Lavra 40 Holy Martyrs. At the foot of Trapesitsa you can see the historical church of St. Dimiter, where on November, 8, 1185 the Assen brothers proclaimed the revolt against the Byzantine rule during its consecration. St. Dimiter, who, legend has it, had come from Salonika to help the oppressed Bulgarians, became the patron saint of the Second Kingdom. With its red – brick stripes and trefoil windows inlaid with orange plaques, St. Dimiter is best – looking of the surviving medieval churches, although most of the original frescoes were painted during 16th and 17th c. Another typical example of the trade and store buildings of the time is Hadzhib Nikoli Han (Inn). It was built in 1858 by the self – taught architect on a comparatively small ground space of 235sq m on the steep slope of Samovodska Charshia. The development of crafts made necessary the erection of accommodation places for travelling merchants. The structure is well – suited to the site, making full use of the differences in ground and street level. To the street below, there is a one – storey building housing craftsmen's shops. The short cross wings enclose a narrow courtyard and connect the one – storey portion with the three – storey building of the actual inn. The parts of the building are displayed one after another, thus stressing the effect of the originally designed main front of the inn. The three floors comprise rows of rooms for overnight guests, connected to open galleries on the two upper floors. The rows of stone columns, graded in height, rise over a high cornice made of dressed stone. These, together with the yokeshaped line of the iron railings, underline the rythm of the plastically divided facade. Fortunately the inn has been preserved to this day, and it is an inseparable part of the ensemble of the Revival part of the town. To see the town of Veliko Tarnovo on the map, please click on:http://www.bgmaps.com/routing/map.asp?sid=58596e224917dd057fbcc1c195f5c7f4&key=&keyid=&tplname=&grid=batlas2

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